Background and aims: Evaluating the Carrying angle and other anthropological features is important in determining elbow deformities. This study evaluated the Carrying angle and various skeletal elements in normal Iranian adults. Methods: The present study includes the elbow radiographs of 253 adolescents (87 women and 166 men). The Carrying angle, articular surface angle, radial neck-shaft angle, and inter-epicondylar diameter have been measured. Then, a statistical analysis was conducted by gender and side for each measure. Spearman’s or Pearson’s correlations were used to detect the correlation between means. Results: The mean Carrying angle, radial neck-shaft angle, articular surface angle, and inter-epicondylar diameter were 19. 72±7. 68°, 11. 21±4. 45°, 85. 19±7. 62°, and 85. 80±66. 47 (mm) respectively. Statistically significant differences were not found between the left and right sides in all parameters for both males and females. However, significant differences were found between genders in inter-epicondylar diameter (P=0. 0001). Further, a significant negative correlation was found between the Carrying and articular surface angles in males (r=-0. 29) and females (r=-0. 33). However, there was no significant correlation between the Carrying angle and radial neck-shaft angle or inter-epicondylar diameter. Conclusion: The present study showed the mean value of Carrying angle, radial neck-shaft angle, articular surface angle, and inter-epicondylar diameter in Iranian people. The result of this study might be useful in the management of elbow disorders such as fractures and displacement as well as elbow reconstruction surgery procedures.

Background and Aim: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common musculoskeletal disorder with a high prevalence among military personnel. Changing the movement pattern and applying loads can lead to an increase in postural sway and contribute to the development of patellofemoral pain syndrome in military personnel. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to comparison of knee valgus angle and the effect of Carrying a military backpack on postural sway in the military with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Methods: In this case-control study, 21 military personnel with patellofemoral pain syndrome participated voluntarily with Convenience Judgmental Sampling method and 21 healthy military personnel with the case group matching method. The indices of postural sway, including the path length, the standard deviation of medial-lateral sway (M-L), and the standard deviation of anterior-posterior sway (A-P) were measured using the Zebris pressure distribution device in two situations with and without Carrying a military backpack. Also, the knee valgus angle was assessed during the single-leg squat test. To analyze the data, an independent t-test and paired sample t-test with a significance level of 0. 05 were used in SPSS software version 23. Results: The results of the independent t-test showed that knee valgus angle, path length, SD(M-L), SD (A-P), in both positions with and without Carrying a military backpack showed a significant increase in patellofemoral pain syndrome group in comparison with the healthy military (P<0. 05). Comparing the changes in the center of pressure variables during the static balance test, and static balance with Carrying a military backpack, there were also significant changes between the two positions (P<0. 05). Conclusion: According to the results, military with patellofemoral pain syndrome who had an increase in knee valgus angle had more postural sway and changes in postural sway indices compared to the healthy military, which could be caused by changing posture control strategies and changing the movement pattern of the military with patellofemoral pain syndrome. It is necessary to pay attention to these changes in providing an appropriate treatment plan for preventing re-injury and secondary changes in military suffering from patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Background: Along with rapid economic growth, many natural regions, meadows, farms, etc. have been converted into unbridled urban areas. Urban development converts natural areas into districts full of buildings leading to disrupted ecological balance of the ecosystem. The Carrying capacity (CC) of urban ecosystems needs to be estimated because they require large amounts of materials and energy as well as the ability of pollutant absorption in a small location. The amount of material and energy used in cities may be more than of that provided by urban CC. High consumption rate is associated with high levels of contamination that transcends the UCC. Therefore, the CC of the urban environment and its population capacity must be evaluated for urban development planning. Materials and Methods: In this study, UCC load number within the pressure-state-impact-response (PSIR) framework and 20 indicators were used to evaluate the CC and pressure on the urban ecosystem of Semnan. Results: According to the results, the load number in the district 1 was equal to 180. 05with a low to moderate pressure on the urban ecosystem. The load numbers in districts 2 and 3 were respectively 230. 41 and 272. 86 imposing a moderate to high pressure on urban ecosystem. Conclusions: Because of the greater population density in the District 3, materials and energy consumption and waste production was higher leading to a higher pressure on the urban ecosystem.

Recreational planning is one of the important aspects in regional management network of any country. Overpopulation of the cities, settlement pattern changes, and the presence of a wide scope of environmental and social problems and also the higher proportion of recreational activities in peoples" lives, are issues that necessitate the need for planning and programming of proper recreational schemes in urban and suburban areas. In the meantime, there is more demand for recreation and spending time in natural regions due to their scenic beauties and aesthetic and educational values, although these areas are more susceptible and sensitive in terms of their fragile environment. Determining the assimilative or Carrying capacity of recrational areas (whether natural or man-made) will not only maintain their potential values, particularly in natural part, but it will also be an effective factor in providing an acceptable recreational experience for the visitors. This paper attempts to analyse and evaluate the Carrying capacity of various recreational activities and types and their relative potentials. The existing standards cannot be useful as absolute scientific pattern in our country, however, a comparison of present data and their evaluation under different natural, economic, and social conditions of Iran can be an advantageous approach (strategy) for dynamic management of leisure and recreational resources. Many field observations have indicated that ignoring this, can endanger recreation center and the stability of the resources.

Background: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are common in children and there are many difficulties in management of these fractures. Objective: To determine the success rate in treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Methods: This study was implemented on 26 children treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning in Shahid Rajaee hospital of Qazvin from October 1998 till March 2001. Findings: The results were excellent in 46.15%, good in 34.61% and poor in 3.84% of the cases. There was no movement limitation in elbow, the complications were minimum, and all the fractures healed soon in 6 weeks. Conclusions: The results conform with those of Hohl in 1996 and Ababneh in 1998. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of supracondylar fractures of the humerus is a simple and good method to treat these fractures.